PUTAJ Humanities and Social Science

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1) China-Pakistan Economic Relations: Areas of Cooperation and Mutual Advantages
Author(s):Muhammad Zahid Ullah Khan & Minhas Majeed Khan (PhD)

Abstract :

The paper presents the main areas of cooperation between China and Pakistan and their mutual advantages. The research attempts to analyze the problems and obstacles for a win–win situation in economic and trade relations between the two countries, and focuses on explanation of identified problems. Besides the identified problems, the study also highlights areas in which cooperation is much needed for development and strengthening of economic relations between Pakistan and China. These areas, which require cooperation, are of mutual benefits for the two countries. However, cooperation in those areas is very limited or in some cases not yet initiated. Therefore, cooperation in the mentioned areas is very central for strengthening and improving the economy of Pakistan.
2) Robert Cox’s Explanation of Structural Tools in Maintaining Hegemony: A Case Study of World Bank
Author(s):Syed Sabir Muhammad &Muhammad Faheem

Abstract :

In order to save Europe from the after effects of war, the Bretton Woods system was formed. Its functions were further extended by the additions of IMF and World Bank, which helped in the shifting of hegemony from UK to US. The critical theorists criticize these institutions for exploiting the nation state and compelling them to follow the rules of the lender country which resulted in strong uphold of hegemonic bloc on the world resources. The paper centers around the affirmations of Robert Cox accepting the World Bank as a contextual investigation, contending that it has shrouded plans, clearly upgrading the economies of the immature states, with hidden objectives.
3) Qualitative Research Method to Identify the Usage of Social Media for Tourism Process: Examining a Rural Mountain Region in Pakistan
Author(s):Talib Hussain & Benqian Li

Abstract :

This research demonstrates a significant method for measuring tourist behavior in terms of social media use for rural mountain region tourism. The study is qualitative and enables the discovery of the main thematic issues related to the travel process of tourists when using social media for rural mountain region tourism. The study finds four types of themes: (1) social media use in the planning stage of the trip, (2) social media use before the trip, (3) social media use during the trip, and (4) social media use after the trip.
4) Trends in the Regional Geopolitics of Pakistan, China and India from 1947 to 1962
Author(s):Mr. Khurshaid & Dr. TasawarBaig

Abstract :

Pakistan, China, and India not only share geographical borders but also share a common history of sufferings at the hands of colonial powers. Though all three of them received independence around the same time, in the latter half of the 1940s, history haunted their political interactions. China and India began their relations cordially enough, but geopolitical disputes soon hampered the relationship. The Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai (Indian and Chinese are mutual brothers) slogan proved short lived and Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence) could not save their relations for long. The resultant Sino-India war of 1962 changed the regional geopolitical map and made Pakistan and China come closer for a more durable relationship. Pakistan and India had a bad start with wars and mistrust which finally pushed Pakistan and China towards closer cooperation. This paper analyzes the way geopolitical dynamics shaped the regional politics from 1947 to 1962.
5) World Trade Organization: An Appraisal of the Scholastic Literature
Author(s):Dr. Noreen Naseer

Abstract :

This work is an appraisal of the scholastic literature on the World Trade Organization. It has always been a challenge for the students of International Relations and Political Economy to find and study scholarly work on subject related to trade and economy. This paper will assist the students and researchers to study classic work on the important subject such as World Trade Organization. It also provides some knowledge on the agreements and policies of the WTO. In the paper, I have discussed three schools of thoughts: the globalists, advocating for integrating the world through WTO the anti-globalists, which are against WTO; and the reformists, advocating for reforms in the economic system and trade organisation to accommodate the needs of developing and least developed states.
6) High-Tech Functional and Professional Skills, Generic Job Satisfaction, and Training Needs of the Pakistani University Librarians: An Empirical Appraisal
Author(s):Asad Khan, Hamida Begum & Fauz Dar Khan

Abstract :

Since modern librarians are urged to acquire technological skills, thus objectives of this study are: 1) to examinewhether or not the acquisition of such skills affects theirgeneric job satisfaction (GJS) and; 2)toidentifythe training needs.To this end, twelve research hypotheses were formulated indicating the relationship of high-tech functional and professional skillswith GJS. The findings revealedsignificant effects of high-tech functional and professional skills on GJS and accordingly, all hypotheses (H1-H12) are supported. In addition, Information Assurance and Security Skills were established as the principal predictor of GJS whereas Library Content Management System skills as theweakest. Additionally, training needs analysis establisheda 76.3percent deficit, 19 percentsurplus, and 21.2 percentjob-best fit. This study has diverse implications: 1) practical implications-national high-tech functional and professional competencies model is neededto enable librariansto acquire neededskills; 2) social implications- results emphasize librariansto enhance the current level of professional skills to perform contemporarily that perhaps augment their social image and; 3) theoretical implications-the integrated research model of this study can be utilizedbyfuture researcherseither for cross-validation of findings of this study or to improve the topic scope.
7) Creating Interactive Classrooms: Barriers for the Teachers in Pakistan
Author(s):Uzma Dayan & Abida Bano

Abstract :

One of the essential features of modern teaching strategies is creating an interactive classroom environment. Such a classroom environment, however, is hard to find in Pakistani schools. Thismixed-methods research aims at exploring Secondary school teachers’ experiences and problems of making their classrooms interactive. Sample of the study included fifty teachers from High (Secondary) schools (25 males and 25 females) from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.The study uses two tools of data collection i.e. questionnaire and interviews. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically, while Quantitativedatawas analysed and presented through simple frequency count and percentages, for augmenting the qualitative findings and triangulation purposes. Results reveal that most teachers tried to promote effective schooling by adopting learner-centered approaches during their teaching. They, however, faced substantial barriers in applying such strategies. These barriers included lack of cooperation between the head of the schools and teachers, lack of resources, and traditional school cultures that promoted teacher-centered approaches of teaching. The study concludes that for the promotion of interactive approaches in Pakistani schools, a culture of trust and collaboration among the school staff, head teacher and educational officials is essential.
8) Social Adjustments and Self-efficacy of University Students
Author(s):Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Nadeem Anwar & Saifullah Khan

Abstract :

This study aims at finding out the relationship between social adjustments and self-efficacy of university students. The population of the study comprises of all the BS program students studying in different departments of university of Sargodha. Students selected through multistage random sampling were 550. Research scales i.e. Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) were adapted with permission to measure the self-efficacy and social adjustment of the students. Both the instruments were made bilingual (in English and Urdu) for clear comprehension of the students and better responses. Pilot testing was carried out with respect to 100 students and reliability coefficient Cronbach Alpha values for GSES, and SACQ were 0.70, and 0.90 respectively. The study isa cross-sectional survey. Data analysed through frequencies, percentages and means was used to explore the social adjustment of students. T-test, one-way ANOVA was used to compare students’ social adjustment with respect to their demographic variables and self-efficacy. The study led to the following major findings: majority of students have moderate social adjustment; male students have better social adjustment than female students; majority of the students—boarders, day scholars, urban, and rural have moderate and equivalent level social adjustment. Furthermore, students of 8th semester have better social adjustment than those in 2nd semester and students with high sel
9) Effects of Economic Issues on Journalists’ Ethical Practices in Pakistan
Author(s):Muhammad Usman Saeed, Shahid Hussain & Amir Hamza Marwan

Abstract :

Journalism and responsible press are considered the fourth pillar of state. Journalists are expected to perform truthful, responsible, objective and ethical journalism. However, political economy of media suggests that political and economic elites use media for their interests. Politicians and owners exploit working journalists. Journalists are not well paid and they are enforced to do unethical practices. The objectives of present study are to explore the journalists’ economic issues at Gujranwala(A city of Punjab, Pakistan) and their relationship with ethical practices of journalists. Data was collected through in-depth interviews of 13 working journalists of Gujranwala city. Findings revealed that journalists are facing serious economic issues and these issues are leading them towards unethical practices. Findings imply that government, judiciary, NGOs and journalistic bodies should play an effective role for overcoming this alarming situation.
10) Audience Credibility on News Channels: A Case Study of ARY and Geo News
Author(s):Ayesha Qamar, Ahlam Tariq & Zeenat Baloch

Abstract :

The boom of Pakistani channels started after the PEMRA issued licenses to many private channels and later on, questions were raised on credibility of Pakistani news media. Measuring the audience credibility on the news channels is an important aspect as the credibility is said to be the backbone of the entire media system. The credibility of news channels is becoming an increasingly important area to understand.To expand knowledge in this domain, a survey study was conducted out that investigated people’s perception of the credibility of two news channels namely ARY News and Geo News. The research explores the perception of the news audiences on the credibility of the news channels. A survey is administered with the help of convenience sampling technique and selected sample of 200 audiences from Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. The study assessed the credibility perception of the audiences toward the two news media channels: ARY News and Geo News. The credibility is measured with the help of two different components: source and medium. To measure these constructs a 12 scale factor developed by Gaziano and McGrath (1986) with additions from Infante (1980) and Jacobson (2012) is incorporated. The findings suggested that audience perceived the credibility of the source in a different way whereas both the channels as a medium are perceived to be similar. The data showed the negative linkage between age, gender, education, occupation and the news media channel’s credibility
11) Citizen Journalism: An Inquisitive Analysis of the Usage of Mobile Applications
Author(s):Bakht Zaman & Javed Iqbal

Abstract :

The development of Information Technology (IT) has brought revolution in the field of communication in general and journalism in specific. The usage of some users’ friendly mobile applications has added to the pace of journalism and dissemination of information. These applications and their effective utilization on part of citizens has minimized their dependency on mainstream media, rather they have got an alternative that has given voice to all those, who have something newsworthy to say, show, telecast or podcast. The researcher used survey tool for date collection. 50 questioners included reporters; IT expert professors, journalism students, bloggers, media experts, doctors and engineers.All the questioners analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) and finding shows that the emerging concept of citizen journalism has replaced the mainstream media up to great extent.
12) A Review of the Effect of Education and Good Trained Teachers on Students’ Performance
Author(s):Farah Khan (PhD) & Hafiz Muhammad Irshadullah (PhD)

Abstract :

The main purpose of this study is to know about the importance of education and teacher training education as well as to understand how effective and trained capable teachers can improve students’ performance. Moreover, to know about that how teacher’s play a crucial role in the educational and career counselling of students The method of document analysis and earlier studies reveals that highly trained, skilled and competent teachers is the single more important factorinfluences student success. Undoubtedly capable and effective teachers also have a direct effect in improving student knowledge. Similarly, effective teachers not only make students impression good about school and learning, but also their work and punctuality really results in improved student success and thereby helps in nation’s builder.
13) Community Participation and Sustainability of Developmental Programmes in Pakistan
Author(s):Sajjad Hussain & Saira Miraj

Abstract :

The present study presents the importance and needs of community participation in the sustainability of development programmes in Pakistan. This study by reviewing the existing literature on participatory development aims to investigate the factors hindering and promoting community participation in the sustainability of developmental programmes. The study also finds out the flexibility in the overall process of participation; financial incentives, material andnon-material benefits and linkages with the community are the factors which can promote participation for the sustainability of developmental programmes. Traditional leaders, external, internal influences and co-option of participation as a fashion by developmental organizations are the important factors, which hinders community participation in the viability of developmental programmes. The study recommends that for ensuring sustainability, people of the target community has to be meaningfully involved at all the stages of development interventions i.e. decision making, planning, implementation and monitoring. In addition, at the policy level the government should implement laws for pooling the funding from the donors at the central or provincial level and disbursed to those organizations which are involving people in the real sense in all the decisions which affect them.
14) Pheran Through the Mists of Centuries
Author(s):Shabana Rafique, Faiza Inayat, Shahnaz Parveen Khattak

Abstract :

The present study is an attempt to find out the historical perspective, different styles and decorative aspects of traditional Kashmiri attire i.e., Pheran. The study focuses on the assessment of modified versions of Pheran which were designed according to latest fashion trends. The most preferred styles were stitched and analyzed by taking opinion of under graduate girls students through a self-constructed questionnaire. The three types of Pheran i.e., Mughal, Kurta and Modern style were designed by flat-pattern method. According to the findings, the most appreciated style among them was Mughal. After taking the source of inspiration from the oriental costumes, various beautiful and attractive designs can be produced. The study will be beneficial in gaining attention of young fashion designers and consumers at national and international levels.
15) Impact of Transformational Leadership Styles of Principals on Job Satisfaction of Secondary School Teachers
Author(s):Mushtaq Ahmad

Abstract :

This study aims at determining the impact of transformational leadership styles of principles on job satisfaction of secondary schools teachers. It is descriptive correlational study and survey method is used for data collection. Population for the study is all secondary school teachers of 1166 government male high and higher secondary schools and all government teachers enrolled in various programs of Northern University in KPK. Using a convenient sampling technique, a sample of 1050 secondary school teachers from 140 schools, 20 each of seven selected districts on the basis of spoken languages is taken as sample-1. Another sample of 100 government teachers enrolled in different programs from Northern University is taken as sample-2. Two instruments i.e. MLQ and JSS are used for the collection of data in this study. Data is collected through personal visits. Data is analyzed by applying mean, standard deviation, t-test and Pearson’s correlation. The major findings of the study are that principals of male high and higher secondary schools showed higher level of transformational leadership styles. Both the samples showed a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership styles of principals and job satisfaction of secondary school teachers.
16) Title and Contents
Author(s):Title and Contents

Abstract :

Title and Contents

Volume No. 25

Issue No. 2

Editor’s Note

PUTAJ - Humanities and Social Sciences is HEC recognized journal, with a record of publishing quality research works in humanities and social sciences, biannually. It is an open access, peer-reviewed and refereed journal published by Peshawar University Teachers’ Association, University of Peshawar. The aims and objectives of PUTAJ - HSS is to publish up to date, high-quality and original research papers. The articles in this issue contain critical, comprehensive, and contemporary issues of national and international affairs. The research papers in the issue covers a vast range of areas humanities and social science. As the first issue of the 2018, the editorial team is delighted to introduce this volume of PUTAJ – Humanties and Social Sciences. On behalf of the editorial team, I would like to express our gratitude to the authors of the research articles published in this issue, and we acknowledge the substantial help, which both the authors