PUTAJ Humanities and Social Science

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1) Marriage and Marriageship in Austen‘s Novels
Author(s):Samina Ashfaq, Nasir Jamal Khattak & Syed Zahid Ali Shah

Abstract :

The institution of marriage came into existence, perhaps, to regulate relationships. This basic contract between two parties not only binds them to respect the terms and conditions to which they agree but also inculcates in them a sense of belonging and respect for each other. The more they adhere to this agreement the more contented they live. A life based on mutual understanding is a contented life while that based on intellectual comradeship is perhaps an ideal one. Those who want to experience ―domestic felicity‖ have to sacrifice personal preferences over general good will. People marry for different reasons; some for status, some for money, some to follow the social norms and some fall for beauty. All of them sooner or later experience discontentment and feel a void in their relationship with their spouses. In no time, it leads result to alienation. Which is why there begins a cold war of power dynamics between the partners. The family dynamics and strained relationships we find in Austen, still persist. Austen explores the reasons of this rift which results in far reaching harm to the children of such parents.
2) Shylockean Resonances in Mohsin Hamid‘s Novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist
Author(s):Bilhuda, Syed Zahid Ali Shah, Samina Ashfaq & Mohammad Farooq

Abstract :

This research paper traces the imperialist strategy of demonizing and racializing the religious minorities by conducting a comparative study of the characters of ‗Shylock‘ and ‗Changez‘ from the perspectives of postcolonial scholarship. By making use of the orientalist critique, it shows continuity and a historical link between the colonial dynamics and the contemporary postcolonial milieu by contending that the making of ‗Muslim‘ as a ‗terrorist figure‘ by the American Neo-Imperialism is synonymous with the making of the ‗Jew‘ as a ‗repulsive figure‘ by the Euro-centric Christian world. Hence, concluding that, in either case, the Euro-American power politics is at play in creating a ‗racialized‘ and ‗minoritized‘ ‗religious other‘ in order to get National and Global Subjectivities in a Unipolar world.
3) Effectiveness of Language Games in Teaching Grammar to Undergraduates: A Case Study of Islamia College Peshawar
Author(s):Muhammad Waqar Ali, Mohammad Iqbal & Amjad Ali

Abstract :

This research focuses on the effectiveness of teaching grammar (language) through language games. It encompasses the basic components of syntactic structure: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb and conjunction. A total of 40 students (a complete class) of undergraduate level were equally grouped into two: treatment and control group. The control group was taught using the traditional, theoretical lectures, while the treatment group was engaged through grammar games. Both pretest and posttest were administered to know the comparative competence of both the groups. A posttest was administered after practicing both the teaching strategies. The results of the tests were analysed using t-test (SPSS). Classroom observations of students‘ responses were monitored during both the strategies. Quantitative analysis of the data proved that teaching grammar through language games is significantly effective than the traditional, theoretical lecturing method. Qualitative analysis demonstrated greater involvement of the learners in the learning process in grammar games strategy than the traditional method. Consequently, the use of language games is strongly recommended for teaching grammar at undergraduate level.
4) Socio-Political and Economic Milieu and its Effect on English as a Foreign Language
Author(s):Riaz-ud-Din, Mohammad Iqbal & Mushtaq-ur-Rehman

Abstract :

This study is concerned with factors outside the four walls of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom and their effect on the learnability of English language. The study looks into the social, political and economic background of the learners and obtains the relevant data via a questionnaire. The scores on the questionnaire are then ascertained through correlation with the score on a written comprehension test in English. The main purpose is to find out whether or not the dominant discourses (social background of the learners) have any effect(s) on the English language learnability of the learners. The results demonstrated that there hardly exists any significant effect of the social background of the learners. These results also show that the theory of reproduction does not hold true in the area under study (Pakistan). The test scores are further analyzed for any differences in the scores on the test in English social class-wise. There are no marked differences between the upper, middle and lower classes. In the second step of this study, an audio recording was done of an English language classroom dynamics. The findings from the transcription once again show that the ‗English only‘ policy of reproduction is not followed by the teacher in his/her classroom. The observations and transcription reveal that the students get hold of the ‗agency‘ through a policy of resistance (not responding in English (L2) to teacher‘s queries). The results are
5) Dream: A Compensation for Extreme Behaviours
Author(s):Humaira Aslam_ & Nasir Jamal Khattak†Abstract

Abstract :

Openness to the unconscious is the key to Jungian psychology. Dreams are formed from a variety of sources; it can be a physical stimuli, or memories and experiences of the distant past or early childhood. The dream images are generated from subliminal perceptions acquired from our daily experiences. The significance of the image is the psychic meaning it has for the dreamer. Santiago‘s dream acts as a compensatory medium. The dream that he has is significant in that it occurs to maintain his psychic equilibrium. Santiago behaves like a young and strong angler would, but he forgets that now he is old with physical handicaps. His dream reveals how he is stuck in the persona of a champion, in his old age. The image of the lions depicts the actual situation of his unconscious mind in relation to consciousness in order to create wholeness.
6) A Corpus Based Study of Topicalization in Academic Spoken Discourse of Pakistani Theses Defence
Author(s):Muhammad Mooneeb Ali, Ajmal Gulzar & Nazir Ahmad Malik

Abstract :

Academic speaking can be considered as a crucial skill for speakers of different varieties of English to be successful in the world. This paper investigates the phenomena of topicalization in the academic spoken discourse of PhD theses defence of Pakistani scholars. Coherence and Cohesion are pivotal aspects in spoken discourse and they become more important when it comes to academic spoken discourse. While discourse depends upon many features, one of the important features is topicalization. Toplicalization can be considered as a feature which provides the speaker to manipulate language willfully. For the current study initially a corpus collected from the HEC website comprised of 100 videos of PhD theses defense. The minimum duration of the video was 40 minutes while the maximum duration was 2 hours. All the videos were transcribed separately and then a corpus of the speeches was developed. Finally results were drawn after the corpus analysis. The findings reveal that out of 217,896 words the number of words topicalized with ―wh‖ fronting were 117, which shows the presence of topicalization in Pakistani spoken discourse. The results also show that the functions of cohesion, relevance and coherence were also present in the texts, which are the features of discourse.
7) Colonial and Anticolonial Discourse in A Passage to India: The Textual and Contextual Analysis of Urdu and Hindi Terms
Author(s):Gulzar Jalal Yousafzai & Arif Khan

Abstract :

In his novel, A Passage to India, E. M. Forster has employed Urdu and Hindi words, idioms, proverbs which convey the colonial and anticolonial sense. The usage of such words, idioms and proverbs, according to the context, is quite relevant, for the expression of narration, description and characterization. A significant number of Urdu and Hindi terms are employed in their textual and contextual sense. The frequent usage of the Urdu and Hindi terms was deemed quite logical to the text. The employment of such terms has added new dimensions to the sense and structure of the colonial and anticolonial discourse. The executed words reflect a philosophical and psychological sense of the anglicized phraseology. Certain words, for instance Bazaar, Maidan, Bungalow, Mohurrum, Tazia, Sari, Purdah, Tonga, Saddhus, Pukka, Parvati, Phoja, Neem, Tonga-walah, Veranda, Kawa Dol, Krishna, Punkha, Sahib, Huzoor, Nawab Bahadur, are of vital consideration. The coined phrase of the Kawa Dol, for instance, has been put in a deep textual and contextual sense. Kawa means a crow. Kawa Dol means something that moves at the touch of a crow. Forster shows through this phrase the precarious relationship between the British Empire and India. The main focus of the paper is the stylistic analysis of the textual and contextual sense and the relevant social discourse.
8) Differences between Heads of Departments and Teachers on Perception of Leadership Styles and Organizational Politics in Public Sector Universities
Author(s):Mohsin Atta, Muhammad Jahanzeb Khan & Johar Ali

Abstract :

The present study was an attempt to explore differences between Heads of the Departments (HODs) and teaching faculty on perceptions of leadership styles and organizational politics in university settings. A convenient sample of 128 participant i.e. HODs (n = 61) and teaching faculty (n = 67) was drawn from different academic units of public sector universities. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X; Bass & Avolio, 1997) and Organizational Politics Scale (Kacmar & Carlson, 1997) were used to operationally assess the constructs being measured. The results demonstrated that HODs scored significantly higher on both transformational and transactional leadership styles, whereas teaching faculty was found to be higher on organizational politics and its factors i.e. general political behaviors (GPB) and go-along-to-get-ahead (GATGA). Certain limitations and practical implication have also been discussed.
9) What Matters in Influencing Community Participation in Forest Conservation?
Author(s):Badshah Muhammad, Johar Ali & Muhammad Jahanzeb Khan

Abstract :

Nowadays, the concept of community participation is celebrated in almost all fields such as health, development, forests for its positive results. It is considered in academic literature and development sector a panacea to all ills and a guarantee to ensure success to any kind of action taken. Like its application in the world, its significance has also been realized and implemented in all sectors in Pakistan as well. Besides other sectors in Pakistan, it has been incorporated, due to its perceived effective role, into the policy documents of forests conservation. Thus, to understand the theorized proposition of community participation, this study was conducted in Districts Swat, Shangla, Dir Upper and Chitral of Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and empirical data was collected through relevant data collection tools such as 'Individual Interview', 'Focus Group Discussion' and 'Observation'. The date was collected from members of Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) (including men and women), officials of forest department and other relevant stakeholders. The study found that the prevailing socio-cultural, economic and political dynamics in the study area made the whole theory impracticable. Therefore, to develop sense of ownership among local people and enable them to preserve forests, such dynamics must be taken into account by the forest department and other relevant stakeholders. To enable the reader(s) to easily understand the premise of the
10) Syed Owais & Noor Sanauddin
Author(s):'Securitised Development‘ in a ‗Statist‘ Regime: Problems & Prospects for Civil Society (Re)construction in Pakistan

Abstract :

This paper, while problematizing the idea of ‗civil society‘ in Pakistan‘s context, reflects on challenges posed to NGOs in a regime which has been often described as ‗securitised development‘ or ‗security-for-development‘ regime. We argue that although in the aftermath of 9/11, Pakistan has attracted significant financial assistance from a number of international actors and governments of developed countries, it has nonetheless increasingly taken on the characteristics of ‗security-for-development‘ regime. Thus, the implicit and explicit transposition of ‗development‘ with security agenda has not only complicated issues surrounding NGOs‘ accountability in increasingly volatile circumstances, it has also especially made it almost impossible for them to effectively form or transform ‗civil society‘ in the rural areas. Since, for foreseeable future the geopolitical dynamics and after-effects of war on terror are likely to keep Pakistan volatile in political and security terms, we argue that unless drastic policy change occurs, NGOs‘ grassroots activities are not likely to have constructive outcomes for democratisation and building civil society in Pakistan.
11) Sayyed Fawad Ali Shah, Altaf Ullah Khan & Faizullah Jan
Author(s):Building Police-Citizen Trust: Public Outreach and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police

Abstract :

This study examines the public relations practices of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police Department to understand how Public Information Officers (PIOs) approach public relations, and what process, procedures and policies they follow to bring the police department and the public together as a united front for law enforcement in order to deter crime. The police force, despite working as a frontline defense against terrorism that has wrecked the region for years, has been struggling to build and burnish their image among the public. This paper aims to analyze the public outreach mechanisms and practices of the Police Department by employing the Grunig and Hunt model of managing PR as a framework. The researchers selected respondents through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. A semi-structured interview protocol was developed for the purpose. The findings reveal that the PIOs follow the press agentry model of PR. This model constitutes a fraction of overall public relations practices employed in the twenty-first century. It is recommended that the police department hire journalism or public relations graduates as PIOs and devise a proper career service structure for them. The PIOs need to be trained, as a continuous process, on how the police department can win trust of the people through effective outreach mechanisms and practices.
12) Arshad Khan Bangash & Shakeel Ahmad
Author(s):Patriarchal Social Structure in Transition? Honour Killing in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan

Abstract :

This article aimed to explain that how patriarchal social structure of Tribal societies can act as a tool for honour killing. Using simple random sampling, a sample of 377 respondents (comprising of ‗Maliks‘) was selected for assessing the role of patriarchy in honour killing. The data was crossed tabulated to get inferences by using Chi-Square test statistics at bi-variate and multi-variate levels, while controlling marital status of the respondents. The results showed that male honour is closely associated with female and their bodies, woman is considered as property of male and community members appreciate the murderer. Moreover, a non-significant association of honour killing was found with the notions that male has no right to kill women on moral grounds, male is explicitly socialized to control women to cherish and protect their family honour, desires for second woman or marriage, and community treats the male adulterer family as coward if they failed to take actions against the offenders. The study concluded that women in tribal society are treated as male property both in terms of their bodies and sexualities. The prevailing discriminatory patriarchal structure cannot be changed without proper implementation of a comprehensive programme for socio-legal and political reforms, and giving membership to women in various organizational set ups, with conspicuous reference to ‗Jirga‘ were presented some of the policy recommendations in light of the
13) Kausar Takrim & Qadir Bakhsh Baloch
Author(s):Special Economic Zones on China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Benchmarking From China

Abstract :

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) play an important role in industrial development of any country, such as USA, China and India. The establishment of SEZs is getting common among the countries with the passage of time in the process of industrialization to attract FDIs (Foreign Direct Investment), job creation, value addition, export generation, and revenue generation. Some countries report very good experiences with the establishment of SEZs like China, USA, Japan, Singapore, Jordan, South Korea etc. while some are still struggling for good results. This paper provides benchmarking from Chinese SEZs for Pakistan to adopt policies and strategies and implement them in order to get rapid economic growth. It provides a brief overview of SEZs and the experiences of China with their establishment and argue that the special economic zones at CPEC will bring prosperity to Pakistan as china is helping Pakistan in this regard which has vide experience of establishing SEZs not only in China but in other countries too.
14) Muhammad Athar Hussain, Syed Munir Ahmad, Imtiaz Ahmad & Shafqat Parveen
Author(s):Factors Influencing Student Subject Choice in Arts and Science Groups at College Level

Abstract :

This paper discusses findings from a study designed to explore factors affecting student subject choices in arts and science groups at the college level. The study involved gathering data from 200 fresh college students (Arts and Science) of Government College, Karachi. The students were divided into upper and lower SES. An Educational Choice Inventory (ECI) was prepared by the investigators for this purpose. The ECI was constructed following scientific procedures of test construction. The test items were written in Urdu. The items were selected to item analysis for the final selection of items for the test. Thus, on this basis of item analysis, 91 items based on 14 factors of educational choice were selected for ECI. The reliability coefficients of all the 14 factors of education choice of ECI by the test-retest method ranged from 0.82 to 0.91. These values were considered satisfactory. Thus, the inventory was considered a useful tool for assessing students‘ educational choice. The implications of the study are that interest and aptitude, being the most important factors of educational choice, should be measured at the time of admission and each educational institution should have educational-vocational guidance program.
15) Khalil ur Rahman, Noor Sanauddin & Abid Ali
Author(s):Exploring Association between Educational Service Quality and Students‘ Satisfaction in Hazara University, Pakistan

Abstract :

Institutional service quality is considered as a possible predictor of users‘ satisfaction. However, the strength and degree of association between service quality and users‘ satisfaction vary across institutions. This study explores association between educational service quality and students‘ satisfaction in Hazara University, Pakistan. The targeted respondents, purposively selected, were 191 graduate level students of various department of the university. Data was collected through structured questionnaire based on five points Likert scale. Various aspects of the service quality such as academic and non-academic aspects, design, delivery and assessment, group size and tangibility were treated as independent variables while students‘ satisfaction was selected as dependent variable. The collected data was statistically analyzed through mean, standard deviation and Chi Square test to obtain scores, values and level of significance among the selected variables. It is concluded that overall students‘ satisfaction is significantly associated with academic aspect, tangibility, group size, design delivery and assessment while non-academic aspect of the service quality was found in less association with overall student‘s satisfaction.
16) Sobia Nazakat, Syed Afzal Shah & Syed Munir Ahmad
Author(s):Students‘ Awareness and Choice about Vocational Education at Secondary Level

Abstract :

This study focused on investigating awareness about and choice of secondary school students towards vocational education. Objectives of the study were to explore students‘ awareness about vocational education, investigate students‘ choice of selecting vocational education after completing their secondary education, and explore students‘ views on parental desire about their children to join vocational education as a profession. Data was collected from 400 secondary school students of District Haripur by using stratified random sampling technique. A survey questionnaire was used for the study; the reliability index for the questionnaire was 0.79. Percentage, frequency, and t- test have been used to analyze the data. Findings show that a majority of the students (86%) considered vocational education as essential for future job, but did not recommend it for female students. Teachers‘ guidance was considered as the major source of awareness about vocational education. As perceived by the students, more than half of the parents (i.e. 65.5 %) strongly agreed that their children should join vocational education and nearly fifty percent (i.e. 48.1%) of the students showed their willingness to select vocational education in the future. However, no significant difference was found between male and female students regarding their awareness about and choice of vocational education at secondary level.
17) A Geo-Political Review of Post-Karzai Afghanistan
Author(s):Salma Malik & Babar Shah

Abstract :

The year 2014 elections in Afghanistan, though not less significant than the previous ones, took a priority of interest, owing to their impact not only internal, but on the regional as well as global political dynamics. After more than sixteen years long presence of the US-led International Security and Assistance Forces (ISAF), Afghanistan still remains a fragile country, where governance and statebuilding are haltingly underway, more as a sponsored notion. Rivalled tenaciously by war-lordism, militancy and parallel economic streams constantly threaten the fragile fabric of normalcy. As part of the ―restructuring‖ of Afghanistan, the country successfully cast vote for a new president, once the previously elected government led by President Hamid Karzai completed its five year stint in the office. However, like the previous ones, the 2014 elections too were marred with allegations of rigging and biases, which stalemated the entire process by several months. This not only retarded the political transition, but for Afghanistan, a country of complex dynamics, this meant a setback in terms of internal and external economic and security dynamics especially after the withdrawal of majority of foreign troops in December 2014. Through this article an attempt has been made to assess the states of affairs that the country witnessed during and immediately after the change of the government and afterwards. How far this set up has been effective? How new government a
18) Clientelism as a Determinant of Voting Behaviour: A Case Study of NA-11 Mardan
Author(s):Shahbaz Khan & Ijaz Ahmad

Abstract :

This research paper examines the influence of the clientelism or patron-client relation on the voting behaviour of the residents of the constituency NA -11 of District Mardan in the 2013 Elections. This study empirically reveals the inclination of the people of the constituency while considering clientelism as a determinant of setting voting behaviour. This study argues that clientelism is not the major determinant of voting behaviour in NA-11 District Mardan. For this empirical study, a sample representative size of 200 respondents was selected through multi-stage-sample-method in a survey. The quantitative data reveals that the theory of clientelism is applicable to a limited extent only (24.98%) in the electoral politics of District Mardan in 2013 General Elections. This research paper is an attempt to explore the impact and penetration of clientelism in constituency NA-11 in District Mardan. SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) is used for the determination of Pi-value through Chi-Square test. This study elaborates that theory of clientelism did not have great impact on the electoral politics of District Mardan and also since voting behaviour is not static and changes with time.
19) War on Terror and Challenges Faced by Law Enforcement Agencies: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police
Author(s):Noor ul Amin & Yunas Khan

Abstract :

This research paper endeavors to investigate the challenges faced by Pakistani law enforcement agencies in the ongoing war on terror especially police. The war on terror has turned not only digital but also psychological. It has specifically damaged Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the bordering province of Afghanistan, be it financially, socially or politically. The law upholding Agencies have a huge task of securing the general population. The provincial police is neither well trained nor sophisticatedly armed to meet the challenge. This investigation is a systematic review of the shortcomings of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa police who are faced with the world most feared militant organizations like Al Qaeda and IS in addition to the indigenous groups like Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan and its offshoots. It will also point out ways and methods to improve the abilities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police.
20) A Bibliometric Analysis of the Journal of Rural Development and Administration
Author(s):Aziz-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Ismail & Arif Khan

Abstract :

This study presents an evaluative bibliometric analysis of articles published in Journal of Rural Development and Administration (JORDA). JORDA is published by Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (PARD) Pakistan since 1989 and is internationally recognized journal in the field of rural development. The analysis cover descriptive bibliometric analysis of JORDA from 1991 to 2006 where authorship pattern, number of articles, year-wise and thematic distribution etc. were examined. Results were formulated after studying 520 articles from 64 issues, which show that most of the contributors were from Pakistan followed by Nigerian authors. The study reveals that 66.73% articles were single authored; average article length was found to be 14 pages; and Agriculture remained the most studied theme in JORDA.
21) Title and Contents
Author(s):Title and Contents

Abstract :

Title and Contents

Volume No. 24

Issue No. 1

Foreword


PUTAJ provides intellectual platform to researchers and scholars for sharing their scholastic knowledge and contributions of their respective fields of interest and expertise. As a reputable national and international journal, PUTAJ receives contributions from academicians, researchers and policymakers for publishing their empirical research, conceptual papers, case studies and review articles on issues of local, national and international significance. PUTAJ – as an academic venture of the Peshawar University Teachers‘ Association (PUTA) – has the distinction of being the only journal in Pakistan which is managed and published by a teachers‘ association. It clearly shows the commitment of PUTA executives for the welfare of the teaching community in general and their interest in promoting research culture in particular.
This year, in PUTAJ, readers would notice a number of changes and innovations, which wer